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This website is a collection of the DRAFT data collected for the 2011 nomination of 6 high potential route segments of the Old Spanish National Historical Trail in a contract administered by the Old Spanish Trail Association on behalf of the NPS, BLM, and USFS. SHPOs and THPOs in 6 states, as well as over 100 volunteers and stakeholders participated in this project, which included historical, ethnographic, geographic, and field research conducted by Mark Henderson and Rachel Preston Prinz. The drafts were written by Mark Henderson and edited by Rachel Prinz. This data will be submitted to the National Register once OSTA's consultant (not us) completes the MPDF. We are providing this data as a service to the OSTA membership, to the various stakeholders, and on behalf of the American people... to whom this amazing trail belongs.
Please fell free to contact us, and/or use these documents in your own research, with appropriate citation.

CA: Emigrant Pass: Bibliographical References



Armijo, Antonio (1830). ‘Diario que formo Antonio Armijo para el Descubimiento del Camino para el punto de las Californias de Territorioo del N. México.’ Registo Official del Gobierno de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos Año 1, Tom II, Sábado 19 Junio de 1830,Numero 34, pages 205-206.

Armstrong, Augustus K., Cole L. Smith, George L. Kennedy, Chales Sabine, Ronald T. Mayerle (1987).Mineral Resources of the Nopah Range Wilderness Study Area, Inyo County, California. USGS Bulletin 1709-C. Denver: USGS.

Auerbach, Herbert S. (1941). “Old Trails, Old Forts, Old Trappers and Traders.” Utah Historical Quarterly Volume 9, Numbers 1 & 2, pages 13- 63.

Baxter, John O. (1987). Los Carneradas: Sheep Trade in New Mexico 1700-1860.  Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.

Beckwith, E. G. (1855). Report of the Exploration of a Route for the Pacific Railroad, Near the 38th and 39th Parallels of Latitude, from the Mouth of the Kansas to Sevier River, in the Great Basin. 33rd Congress, 1st Session, House of Representatives Executive Document No 129. Washington: A.O.P. Nicholson, Printer.

Boyle, Susan Calafate. (1994).  Comerciantes, Arrieros, Y Peones: The Hispanos and the Santa Fe Trade. Southwest Cultural Resources Center Professional Papers No. 54. Santa Fe: Division of History, Southwest Region, National Park Service.

Brewerton, George Douglas. (1993). Overland with Kit Carson: A Narrative of the Old Spanish Trail in ’48. Introduction by Marc Simmons. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Brown, Margie Coffin (2005). Historic Trails.  National Park Service Olmstead Center for Landscape Preservation Landscape Lines Volume 15. Washington DC: Government Printing Office.

Carvalho, Solomon Nunes (2004 [1858]).  Incidents of Travel and Adventure in the Far West with Colonel Frémont’s Last Expedition.  With Introduction by Ava F. Kahn. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Casebier, Dennis G. (1975).  The Mohave Road. Narco, CA: Tales of the Mojave Road Publishing Company.

Chronic, Halka (1980).  Roadside Geology of Colorado. Missoula: Mountain Press Publishing Company.

Coe, Lewis (1993). The Telegraph: A History of Morse’s Invention and Its Predecessors in the United States.  Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, Inc.

Crum, Sally (1991).  Cultural Resource Survey of 12.1 Miles of U.S. Highway 50, Northwest of Delta, Delta County, Colorado.  Highway Project CXFR 18-0050-05 North of Delta – Fool’s Hill. Colorado Department of Highways. Report on File at BLM Uncompahgre Field Office, Montrose.

Earle, David D. (2005). The Mojave River and the Central Mojave Desert: Native Settlement, Travel, and Exchange in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.  Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 1-38.

Ellis, M. S. and Virginia Gabaldo (1989).  Geologic Map and Cross Sections of Parts of the Grand Junction and Delta 30’ x 60’ Quadrangles, West-Central Colorado. Denver; US Geological Survey.

Frémont, John C. (1845 [1988]). Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains in the Year 1842 and to Oregon and North California in the Years 1843-1844. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, Reprint with an Introduction by Herman J. Viola and Ralph Ehrenberg.

Gardner, Mark L. (2000). Wagons for the Santa Fe Trade: Wheeled Vehicles and their Makers 1822-1880. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.

Goetzman, William H. (1979).  Army Exploration in the American West 1803-1863. Lincoln: University of Nebraska.

Goetzman, William H. (2000).  Exploration and Empire: The Explorer and the Scientist in the Winning of the American West. Austin: Texas State Historical Association.

Goss, James A. (2000). Traditional Cosmology, Ecology and Language of the Ute Indians IN Ute Indian Arts and Culture from Prehistory to the New Mellenium, Edited by William Wroth. Colorado Springs: Taylor Museum of the Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center.  Pages 27-42.

Gregg, Josiah (1974 [1844]). Commerce of the Prairies. Edited by Max L. Moorhead. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

Griffith, Glenn. (2010).  Level III North American Terrestrial Ecoregions: United States Descriptions. North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation.  Montreal, Quebec, Canada: www.cec.org

Guild, Thelma S. and Harvey L. Carter (1984).  Kit Carson: A Pattern for Heroes. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Hafen, LeRoy R. (1949). Colonel Loring’s Expedition Across Colorado in 1858. The Colorado Magazine Volume XXIII, Number 2, pages 49-75.

Hafen, LeRoy R., editor (1997).  Fur Trappers and Traders of the Far Southwest: Twenty Biographical Sketches.  Logan: Utah State University Press.

Hafen, L. R., & Hafen, A. W. (1993 [1954]). Old Spanish Trail: Santa Fe to Los Angeles (Reprint of 1954 Edition ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. [Original published by A. H. Clark Co. Glendale, California in series The Far West and the Rockies Historical Series 1820-1875].

+Hafen, LeRoy R. and Ann W. Hafen (1998 [1954]). Journals of Forty-Niners: Salt Lake to Los Angeles. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. [[Original published by A. H. Clark Co. Glendale, California in series The Far West and the Rockies Historical Series 1820-1875].

Hague, Harlan (2001[1978]). Road to California: The Search for a Southern Overland Route, 1540-1848. San Jose: Authors Choice Press [Originally Published by Arthur Clark Company American Trails Series XI].

Hand, O. D. (1996).  An Intensive Archaeological Resources Inventory along U.S. Highway 50 Southeast of Grand Junction, Delta and Mesa Counties, Colorado.  Colorado Department of Transportation NH 0502-034, Southeast of Grand Junction – South. Report on File at BLM Uncompahgre Field Office, Montrose.
Hand, O. D. (2000). An Intensive Cultural Resource Survey along US Highway 50 East and West of Escalante Road, Delta County, Colorado.  Transportation Projects NH 0501-041, Escalante-East and NH 0501-042, Escalante-West. Report on File at BLM Uncompahgre Field Office, Montrose.

Hill, Joseph J. (1921). The Old Spanish Trail: A Study of Spanish and Mexican Trade and Exploration Northwest from New Mexico to the Great Basin and California.  The Hispanic American Historical Review, Volume 4, Number 3, pages 444-473.

Heap, Gwinn Harris (1854).  Central Route to the Pacific, from the Valley of the Mississippi to California: Journal of the Expedition of E. F. Beale, Superintendent of Indian Affairs in California, and Gwinn Harris Heap, from Missouri to California, in 1853.  Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo, and Co.[Nabu Public Domain Reprints].

Hill, Joseph J. (1921).  The Old Spanish Trail: A Study of Spanish and Mexican Trade and Exploration Northwest from New Mexico to the Great Basin and California.  The Hispanic American Historical Review Vol. 4, No. 3:444-473.

Horn, Jonathan C. (2005). Recordation of Two Segments of the Northern Branch of The Spanish Trail/Salt Lake Wagon Road, Delta and Mesa Counties, Colorado. Montrose: Alpine Archaeological Consultants, Inc.

Horn, Jonathan C. (2010).  Consideration of the Route of the Northern Branch of the Spanish Trail
From the Cochetopa Pass Area to the Uncompahgre Valley. Unpublished Manuscript.  Montrose: Alpine Archaeological Consultants, Inc.

Jackson, Donald and Mary Lee Spence, editors (1970).  The Expeditions of John Charles Frémont. Volume 1: Travels from 1838-1844. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Jackson, James Turrentine. (1979).  Wagon Roads West: A Study of Federal Road Surveys and Construction in the Trans-Missippi West, 1846-1869. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Johnson, LeRoy C. (2009). The Old Spanish Trail and the Southern Route. Unpublished Manuscript. Paper presented at the Shoshone Museum, Shoshone, California, March 9, 2009.

Kelly, Isabel (1934). Southern Paiute Bands. American Anthropologist Volume 36, No 4, pp 548-560.

Kessler, R. (1998). Old Spanish Trail North Branch and Its Travelers. Santa Fe: Sunstone Press.
Madsen, Steven K. (2010). Exploring the Desert Stone: John N. Macomb’s 1859 Expedition to the Canyonlands of the Colorado. Logan: Utah State University Press.

Langenfelter, Richard E. (1986).  Death Valley and the Amargosa: A Land of Illusion.  Berkeley: University of California Press.

Lengner, Ken and George Ross (2009).  Remembering the Early Shoshone and Tecopa Area: Life in Southeastern Death Valley Region Mining Towns. Shoshone: Deep Enough Press.

Loomis, Frederic B. (1937). Physiography of the United States. Garden City: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc.

Lyman, Edward Leo (2004).  The Overland Journey from Utah to California: Wagon Travel from the City of Saints to the City of Angels. Reno: University of Nevada Press.

Lyman, Leo and Larry Reese (2001).  The Arduous Road: Salt Lake to Los Angeles, The Most Difficult Wagon Road in American History.  Victorville: Lyman Historical Research and Publishing Company.

Marcy, Randolph B. (1859).  The Prarie Traveler: A Hand-Book for Overland Expeditions. New York: Harper and Brothers, Publishers.

Matheson, Alva. (2007). Spanish Trails Navigation: The Dominguez/Escalante Expedition of 1776. IN National Spanish Trails Symposium Proceedings held October 12th 2007. Cedar City: Privately Published.

McGoffin, Susan Shelby. (1982 [1847]).  Down the Santa Fe Trail and into Mexico.  Edited by Stella M. Drumm. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Mendenhall, W.C. (1909). Some Desert Watering Places in Southeastern California and Southwestern Nevada. United States Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 22.  Washington DC: Government Printing Office. [Reprint 1997 Las Vegas: Stanley Paher, Nevada Publications].

Mowry, William A. (2006 [1901]). Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing, LLC [Reprint].

Mutel, Cornelia Fleischer and John C. Emerick (1984).  From Grassland to Glacier: The Natural History of Colorado. Boulder: Johnson Books.

Nelson, Jack. (1996).  North Branch of the “Old Spanish Trail.” Journal of the Western Slope, Volume 11, Number 4, pages 1-43.

Nelson, J. W. (2003). Forgotten Pathfinders Along the North Branch of the Old Spanish Trail 1650-1850. Grand Junction: Privately Published.
Rehher, Ken (2007).  Antoine Robidoux and Fort Uncompahgre. Lake City, Colorado: Western Reflections Publishing Company.

O’Neil, Brian and Steven G. Baker. (1992). Cultural Resource Inventory of U.S. West Communications’ Delta Exchange Fiber Optics Line, Delta County, Colorado. Montrose: Centuries Research, Inc. Report on file at BLM Uncompahgre Field Office, Montrose.

+Padon, Beth and Douglas S. McIntosh (2009). Focused Phase 1 Archaeological Study for Old Spanish Trail Association – Tecopa Chapter, Inyo County, California. Report on File, Bureau of Land Management, Barstow Field Office, prepared by Discovery Works, Los Alamitos, CA.

+Peterson, Frederick (1981).  Landforms of the Basin and Range Province Defined for Soil Survey.  Technical Bulletin 28. Reno: Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Nevada.

+Rhode, David (2002).  Native Plants of Southern Nevada: An Ethnobotany. Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press.

Robinson, John W. (2005).  Gateways to Southern California: Indian Footpaths, Horse Trails, Wagon Roads, Railroads and Highways.  City of Industry: The Big Santa Anita Historical Society.

Rogers, Gary F.(1982).  Then and Now: A Photographic History of Vegetation Change in the Central Great Basin Desert. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.

Rogers, Gary F., Harold E. Maulde and Raymond M. Turner. (1984). Bibliography of Repeat Photography for Evaluating Landscape Change. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.

Ruffner, E.H. (1876). Report on Lines of Communication between Colorado and Northern and Western New Mexico.  US House of Representatives 44 Congress, 1st Session, Ex. Doc. No 172.

Ruxton, George A.F. (1847[1973]). Adventures in Mexico and the Rocky Mountains. Reprint Edition. Glorieta: The Rio Grande Press.

Sanchez, Joseph P. (1997).  Explorers, Traders, and Slavers: Forging the Old Spanish Trail, 1678-1850. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.

Simmons, Virginia McConnell (2000).  The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico.  Boulder: The University Press of Colorado.

Simonson, Harry (1987).  The WPA Guide to 1930s Colorado. Lawrence: University of Kansas.

Spence, Mary Lee, Editor (1984). The Expeditions of John C. Frémont, Volume 3: Travels from 1848- 1854. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Steiner, Harold Austin (1999). The Old Spanish Trail Across the Mojave Desert. Las Vegas: The Haldor Company.

Steward, Julian H. (1938).  Basin-Plateau Aboriginal Socioplitical Groups.  Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnography Bulletin 120. Washington DC: Government Printing Office [Reprint 1970 University of Utah].

Sullivan, Maurice S.(1934 [1992]). The Travels of Jedediah Smith: A Documentary Outline, Including his Journal. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Tiller, Veronica E. Velarde (1983).  The Jicarilla Apache Tribe: A History, 1846-1970. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Thomas, Alfred Barnaby (1932 [1969]).  Forgotten Frontiers: A Study of the Spanish Indian Policy of Don Juan Bautista de Anza, Governor of New Mexico 1777-1787. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

Thornbury. William D. (1965).  Regional Geomorphology of the United States. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Turner, Raymond M. (1982). 153.1 Mohave Desertscrub. In Biotic Communities of the American Southwest – United States and Mexico, Edited by David E. Brown. Desert Plants Special Issue, Volume 4, Numbers 1-4, pages1-342.

USDA Forest Service. (2011) Trail Fundamentals. Web publication accessed 3 April 2011. http://www.fs.fed.us/recreation/programs/trail-management/trail-fundamentals/

USDI Bureau of Land Management (1882). General Land Office Plat for the Ute Principle Meridian.  Microfiche on File at the Grand Junction Field Office.

USDI Bureau of Land Management (1987). Draft Uncompahgre Resource Area Resource Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement. Montrose: Bureau of Land Management.

USDI Bureau of Land Management (2002). Proposed Northern and Eastern Mojave Desert Management Plan: An Amendment to the California Desert Conservation Area Plan 1980. California Desert District Office.  As available on www 20 June 2011. http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/fo/cdd/nemo.html

USDI Bureau of Land Management. (2011). Manual H-8410-1 - Visual Resource Inventory. Web publication accessed 3 April 2011. http://www.blm.gov/nstc/VRM/8410.html

US Environmental Protection Agency. (2011). Ecoregions of the United States. Digital publication access 27 May 2011 http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/na_eco.htm

Walker, Clliford J. (2009). Gone the Way of the Earth: Indian Slave Trade in the Old Southwest. Third Edition. Barstow: Mojave River Valley Museum.

Wallace, William Stirling. (1953). Antoine Robidoux 1794-1860: A Biography of a Western Venturer. Early California Travels Series XIV. Los Angeles: Glen Dawson

War Department. (1858). Map of the territory of the United States from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean; ordered by Jefferson Davis, Secretary of War to accompany the reports of the explorations for a railroad route. Compiled from authorized explorations and other reliable data by G. K. Warren ... under the direction of W. H. Emory in 1854 and of A. A. Humphreys 1854-5-6-7. Engr. by Selmar Siebert. Digital Copy Library of Congress Discovery and Exploration Map 117 of 127 retrieved 31 Mar 2011. Digital ID g4050 mf000067 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g4050.mf000067

Warner, Ted J., Editor and Fray Angelico Chavez, Translator (1995).  The Dominguez-Escalante Journal: Their Expedition through Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico in 1776. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.

Warren, Elizabeth von Till (1974).  Armijo’s Trace Revisited: A New Interpretation of the Impact of the Antonio Armijo Route of 1829-1830 on the Development of the Old Spanish Trail. Unpublished MA Thesis, University of Nevada, Las Vegas

Weber, David J. (1971).  The Taos Trappers: The Fur Trade in the Far Southwest, 1540-1846. Norman: University of Oklahoma

Weber, David J. (1993).  “Introduction.” The Old Spanish Trail: Santa Fe to Los Angeles by Leroy R and Ann W. Hafen. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Wheat, Carl I. (1957[2004]. Mapping the Transmissippi West: 1540-1861. San Francisco: The Institute of Historical Cartography [Reprint Edition Martino Publishing, Mansfield Centre, CT].

Wroth, William, editor (2000). Ute Indian Arts and Culture: From Prehistory to the New Millenium.  Colorado Springs: Taylor Museum of the Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center.