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This website is a collection of the DRAFT data collected for the 2011 nomination of 6 high potential route segments of the Old Spanish National Historical Trail in a contract administered by the Old Spanish Trail Association on behalf of the NPS, BLM, and USFS. SHPOs and THPOs in 6 states, as well as over 100 volunteers and stakeholders participated in this project, which included historical, ethnographic, geographic, and field research conducted by Mark Henderson and Rachel Preston Prinz. The drafts were written by Mark Henderson and edited by Rachel Prinz. This data will be submitted to the National Register once OSTA's consultant (not us) completes the MPDF. We are providing this data as a service to the OSTA membership, to the various stakeholders, and on behalf of the American people... to whom this amazing trail belongs.
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AZ - Big Bend of the Virgin River: Developmental history/additional historic context

 By Mark Henderson, edited by Rachel Preston Prinz


The demise of Baptiste Tabeau. The Frémont (1845:268-269) account is the only detailed description of the nature of the trail in the Virgin River between Halfway Wash and Beaver Dam from the period of significance:

For several days we continued our journey up the river, the bottoms of which were thickly overgrown with various kinds of brush; and the sandy soil was absolutely covered with the tracks of Diggers, who followed us stealthily, like a band of wolves; and we had no opportunity to leave behind, even for a few hours, the tired animals, in order that they might be brought into camp after a little repose.  A horse or mule left behind, was taken off in a moment.  On the evening of the 8th [May 1844], having travelled 28 miles up the river from our first encampment on it [on east bank across from mouth of Halfway Wash], we encamped at a little grass-plat, where a spring of cool water issued from the bluff [site of current Littlefield?].  On the opposite side was a grove of cottonwoods at the mouth of a fork, which here enters the river.  On either side the valley is bounded by ranges of mountains, everywhere high, rocky, and broken.  The caravan road was lost and scattered in the sandy country, and we had been following an Indian trail up the river.  The hunters the next day [May 9, 1844] were sent out to reconnoiter, and in the mean time we moved about a mile farther up, where we found a good little patch of grass.  There being only sufficient grass for the night, the horses were sent with a strong guard in charge of Tabeau to a neighboring hollow, where they might pasture during the day; and to be ready in case the Indians should make any attempt on the animals, several of the best horses were picketed at the camp.  In a few hours the hunters returned, having found a convenient ford in the river, and discovered the Spanish trail on the other side.

I had been engaged in arranging plants; and, fatigued with the heat of the day, I fell asleep in the afternoon, and did not awake until sundown.  Presently Carson came to me, and reported that Tabeau, who early in the day had left his post, and, without my knowledge, rode back to the camp we had left, in search of a lame mule, had not returned.  While we were speaking, a smoke rose suddenly from the cottonwood grove below, which plainly told us what had befallen him; it was raised to inform the surrounding Indians that a blow had been struck, and to tell them to be on their guard.  Carson, with several men well mounted, was instantly sent down the river, but returned in the night without tidings of the missing man.  They went to the camp we had left, but neither he nor the mule was there.  Searching down the river, they found the tracks of the mule, evidently driven along by Indians, whose tracks were on each side of those made by the animal.  After going several miles, they came to the mule itself, standing in some bushes, mortally wounded in the side by an arrow, and left to die, that it might be afterwards butchered for food.  They also found, in another place, as they were hunting about on the ground for Tabeau’s tracks, something that looked like a puddle of blood, but which the darkness prevented from verifying.  With these details they returned to our camp, and their report saddened all our hearts.

May 10. – This morning, as soon as there was light enough to follow tracks, I set out myself with Mr. Fitzpatrick and several men in search of Tabeau.  We went to the spot where the appearance of puddle blood had been seen; and this, we saw at once, had been the place where he fell and died.  Blood upon the leaves, and beaten down bushes, showed that he had got his wound about twenty paces from where he fell, and that he had struggled for his life.  He had probably been shot through the lungs with an arrow.  From the place where he lay and bled, it could be seen that he had been dragged to the river bank, and thrown into it.  No vestige of what hadf belonged to him could be found, except a fragment of his horse equipment.  Horse, gun, clothes – all became the prey of these Arabs of the New World.

Tabeau had been one of our best men, and his unhappy death spread a gloom over our party.  Men, who have gone through such dangers and sufferings as we had seen, become like brothers, and feel each other’s loss.  To defend and avenge each other, is the deep feeling of all.  We wished to avenge his death; but the condition of our horses, languishing for grass and repose, forbade an expedition into unknown mountains.  We knew the tribe who had done the mischief – the same which had been insulting our camp.  They knew what they deserved, and had the discretion to show themselves to us no more.  The day before, they infested our camp; now, not one appeared; nor did we ever afterwards see but one who even belonged to the same tribe, and he at a distance.

Our camp was in a basin below a deep canon – a gap of two thousand feet deep in the mountain – through which the Rio Virgen passes, and where no man nor beast could follow it.  The Spanish trail, which we had lost in the sands of the basin, was on the opposite side of the river.  We crossed over to it, and followed it northwardly towards a gap which was visible in the mountain.  We approached it by a defile, rendered difficult for our barefooted animals by the rocks strewed along it; and here the country changed its character.  From the time we entered the desert, the mountains had been bald and rocky; here they began to be wooded with cedar and pine, and clusters of trees gave shelter to birds – new and welcome sight – which could not have lived in the desert we had passed.